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Drug nomenclature
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Drug nomenclature is the systematic naming of drugs, especially pharmaceutical drugs. In the majority of circumstances, drugs have 3 types of names: chemical names, the most important of which is the IUPAC name; generic or nonproprietary names, the most important of which are the International Nonproprietary Names (INNs); and trade names, which are brand names.[1] Generic names for drugs are nowadays constructed out of affixes and stems that classify the drugs into different categories and also separate drugs within categories.[2] A marketed drug might also have a company code or compound code.[3]
Contents
1 Types
1.1 Chemical names
1.2 Nonproprietary (generic) names
1.2.1 Combination drug products
1.3 Drug brands
2 Legal regulation
3 Publication policies for nonproprietary and proprietary names
3.1 Examples
4 Generic naming systems and affixes
5 List of stems and affixes
6 Example breakdown of a drug name
7 Pronunciation
8 See also
9 References
Types
Chemical names
The chemical names are the scientific names, based on the molecular structure of the drug. There are various systems of chemical nomenclature and thus various chemical names for any one substance. The most important is the IUPAC name. Chemical names are typically very long and too complex to be commonly used in referring to a drug in speech or in prose documents.[1] For example, "1-(isopropylamino)-3-(1-naphthyloxy) propan-2-ol" is a chemical name for propranolol. Sometimes, a company that is developing a drug might give the drug a company code,[3] which is used to identify the drug while it is in development. For example, CDP870 was UCB’s company code for certolizumab pegol; UCB later chose "Cimzia" as its trade name.[1] Many of these codes, although not all, have prefixes that correspond to the company name.
Nonproprietary (generic) names
During development, the company will apply for regulatory approval of the drug by the relevant national regulatory agency such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA); and it will apply for a generic (nonproprietary) name for that country, such as the United States Adopted Name (USAN) or Japanese Accepted Name (JAN). It will also apply for an International Nonproprietary Name (INN) through the World Health Organization (WHO).
Nowadays the national nonproprietary names are usually the same as the INN. The generic names usually indicate via their stems what drug class the drug belongs to.[4] For example, one can tell that aciclovir is an antiviral drug because its name ends in the -vir suffix.
Combination drug products
For combination drug products—those with two or more drugs combined into a single dosage form—single nonproprietary names beginning with "co-" exist in both British Approved Name (BAN) form and in a formerly maintained USP name called the pharmacy equivalent name (PEN). Otherwise the two names are simply both given, joined by hyphens or slashes. For example, suspensions combining trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole are called either trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole or co-trimoxazole. Similarly, co-codamol is codeine-paracetamol (acetaminophen), and co-triamterzide is triamterene-hydrochlorothiazide. The USP ceased maintaining PENs, but the similar "co"-prefixed BANs are still current.
Drug brands
For drugs that make it all the way through development, testing, and regulatory acceptance, the pharmaceutical company then gives the drug a trade name, which is a standard term in the pharmaceutical industry for a brand name or trademark name. For example, Lipitor is Pfizer's trade name for atorvastatin, a cholesterol-lowering medication. Many drugs have multiple trade names, reflecting marketing in different countries, manufacture by different companies, or both. Thus the trade names for atorvastatin include not only Lipitor (in the U.S.) but also Atocor (in India).
Legal regulation
Drug names are often subject to legal regulation, including approval for new drugs (to avoid confusion with existing drugs)
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